E. Penghormatan Guan Yu Sebagai Dewa Dalam Taoisme dan Buddhisme
Sebagai Dewa, Kwan Kong dipuja oleh umat Taoisme, Konfusianisme, dan Buddhisme, Kaum Taoist memujanya sebagai Dewa pelindung dari malapetaka peperangan. Kaum Konfusianisme menghormati sebagai Dewa Kesusasteraan; sementara kaum Buddhist memujanya sebagai Hu Fa Qie Lan atau Qie Lan Pelindung Dharma.
Menurut kepercayaan kaum Buddist, setelah Kwan Kong meninggal arwahnya muncul di hadapan Biksu Pu Jing, di kuil Yu Quan Si yang terletak di gunung Yu Quan Shan, propinsi Hubei. Biksu Pu Jing disebutkan pernah menolong Kwan Kong yang akan dicelakai seorang panglima Cao Cao, dalam perjalanannya bergabung dengan pasukan Liu Bei.
Setelah itu, karena takut pembalasan Cao Cao, Biksu Pu Jing menyingkir ke gunung Yu Quan Shan, dan mendirikan Kuil Yu Quan Si. Setelah lebih dari 1000 tahun sejak peristiwa itu, Kwan Kong pun dipuja sebagai Boddistsatwa Pelindung Buddha Dharma.
Penghormatan terhadap Kwan Kong sebagai orang kesatria yang teguh terhadap sumpahnya, tidak goyah akan harta kekuasaan dan kedudukan, serta setia terhadap saudara2 angkatnya, menyebabkan ia memperoleh penghormatan yang tinggi oleh Kaisar-Kaisar pada jaman berikutnya.
Kwan Kong memperoleh gelar yang tidak tangung2. Ia disebut ‘Di’ yang berarti (disetarakan) ‘Maha Raja“. Sejak itu, Ia disebut Guan Di atau Guan Di Ye (Hokkian : Koan Te Ya) yang berarti “Paduka Maha Raja Guan”, sebutan gelar Kedewaan yang sejajar dengan Xuan Tian Shang Di.
Baca juga : Kitab Suci Guan Sheng Di Jun (Guan Gong)
In Romance of the Three Kingdoms
The 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms glorifies Guan Yu by portraying him as a righteous and loyal warrior. Guan Yu is one of the most altered and aggrandised characters in the novel,[citation needed] which accounts for his popular image in Chinese society.
See the following for some fictitious stories in Romance of the Three Kingdoms involving Guan Yu:
Guan Yu appears in Chinese operas such as Huarong Trail, Red Cliffs, and other excerpts from Romance of the Three Kingdoms. His costume is a green military opera uniform with armour covering his right arm and the knees of his pants. The actor's face is painted red with a few black lines, to represent honour and courage. He also wears a long three-section black beard made of yak hair and carries the Green Dragon Crescent Blade. Traditionally, after the show ends, the actor has to wash his face, burn joss paper, light incense, and pray to Chinese deities.[citation needed]
Notable actors who have portrayed Guan Yu in film and television include:[citation needed] Lu Shuming in Romance of the Three Kingdoms (1994); Wang Yingquan in The Legend of Guan Gong (2004); Ti Lung in Three Kingdoms: Resurrection of the Dragon (2008); Ba Sen in Red Cliff (2008–2009); Yu Rongguang in Three Kingdoms (2010); Donnie Yen in The Lost Bladesman (2011); Au Sui-Wai in Three Kingdoms RPG (2012); Han Geng in Dynasty Warriors (2019).
Films which make references to Guan Yu include: Stephen Chow's comedy film From Beijing with Love (1994), which, in one scene, refers to the story of Hua Tuo performing surgery on Guan Yu's arm;[citation needed] Zhang Yimou's Riding Alone for Thousands of Miles (2005), in which the fictional story of Guan Yu slaying six generals and crossing five passes forms a major part of the narrative;[citation needed] the horror comedy film My Name Is Bruce (2007), where Guan Yu's vengeful spirit is accidentally set free by a group of teenagers and he begins to terrorise their town.[citation needed]
Guan Yu appears as a playable character in many video games based on Romance of the Three Kingdoms which are produced by Koei, including: the strategy game series of the same title as the novel; the action game series Dynasty Warriors and Warriors Orochi. Other non-Koei titles in which he also appears include: Total War: Three Kingdoms;[21] Puzzle & Dragons;[22] Sango Fighter; Destiny of an Emperor; and Atlantica Online. He is also referenced in Emperor: Rise of the Middle Kingdom, Titan Quest, and Koihime Musō.
Guan Yu is referenced in the Portal Three Kingdoms of the card game Magic: The Gathering on a playable card.[citation needed]
The hero Jiang Jun that appears in an add-on for the game For Honor, developed by Ubisoft Montreal, is heavily based on Guan Yu.[citation needed] He is introduced in the 2018 DLC Marching Fire Expansion, along with the other characters from the Chinese Wulin faction. The Jiang Jun wields Guan Yu's signature Guandao weapon and is portrayed as a wise older general.
Guan Yu is referenced in the 2020 game Hades by Supergiant Games. The final "aspect", or form, unlocked for the Eternal Spear weapon is the Aspect of Guan Yu, the Frost Fair Blade, which resembles an ornamented Guandao. The Eternal Spear is said to be the same spear wielded by Guan Yu in the future, taking this form.[23]
Guan Yu is a popular motif in collector coins series featuring Ancient warriors. The Polish Mint issued a 2oz silver coin featuring him in 2019,[24] and another one in 2021.[25]
During the course of price liberalization debates as part of China's reform and opening up, Deng Xiaoping invoked the fictitious story of Guan Yu crossing five passes and slaying six generals (as described in the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms) as part of his rhetoric.[26] "To the Chinese audience familiar with the famous tale of Lord Guan, there could have been no doubt of Deng's determination to push ahead with radical price reforms."[27] As Deng explained in 1986 to a North Korean delegation:[27]
Only once prices have been straightened out will be able to step up reform ... Doesn't China have the tale of Lord Guan 'Slaying Six Generals to Force Through Five Passes?' We might have to pass through even more 'passes' than Lord Guan, slaying even more 'generals.' To force a pass is not at all easy and requires taking great risks.
Citations from volume 36 of the Sanguozhi
Early life and career
Guan Yu was from Xie County (解縣), Hedong Commandery, which is present-day Yuncheng, Shanxi. His original courtesy name was Changsheng (長生).[Sanguozhi 1] He was very studious, and was interested in the ancient history book Zuo zhuan and could fluently recite lines from it.[Sanguozhi others 1][Sanguozhi zhu 1] He fled from his hometown for unknown reasons[h] and went to Zhuo Commandery. When the Yellow Turban Rebellion broke out in the 180s, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei joined a volunteer militia formed by Liu Bei, and they assisted a colonel Zou Jing in suppressing the revolt.[Sanguozhi 2][Sanguozhi others 2] Guan Yu and Zhang Fei were known as stalwart and strong men; which made them talented fighters.[9]
When Liu Bei was appointed as the Minister (相) of Pingyuan, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei were appointed as Majors of Separate Command (别部司马), each commanding detachments of soldiers under Liu Bei. Liu Bei cherished them as if they were his own brothers and the three of them were as close as brothers to the point of sharing the same room, sleeping on the same mat and eating from the same pot.[10] Zhang Fei and Guan Yu protected Liu Bei whenever there were large crowds of people and also stood guard beside him when he sat down at meetings all day long. They followed him on his exploits and were always ready to face any danger and hardship.[Sanguozhi 3] And for their military prowess were appraised as "enemy of ten-thousand".[Sanguozhi 4] Guan Yu was noted for his kindness towards his soldiers and fealty to Liu Bei akin to family, but had no respect for the gentry and treated them without courtesy.[Sanguozhi others 3][Sanguozhi 5][Sanguozhi others 4]
Request to take Qin Yilu's wife
During the Battle of Xiapi in late 198, when the allied forces of Cao Cao and Liu Bei fought against Lü Bu, Guan Yu sought permission from Cao Cao to marry Qin Yilu's wife Lady Du (杜氏) after they won the battle. After Cao Cao agreed, Guan Yu still repeatedly reminded Cao Cao about his promise before the battle ended. After Lü Bu's defeat and death, Cao Cao was so curious about why Guan Yu wanted Lady Du so badly and he guessed that she must be very beautiful, so he had her brought to him. Cao Cao ultimately broke his promise as he took Lady Du as his concubine and adopted her son Qin Lang (whom she had with Qin Yilu).[Sanguozhi zhu 12][Sanguozhi zhu 13]
The Shu Ji recorded an incident as follows:
When Liu Bei was in the imperial capital Xu, he once attended a hunting expedition together with Cao Cao, during which Guan Yu urged him to kill Cao Cao but he refused. Later, when Liu Bei reached Xiakou (after his defeat at the Battle of Changban), Guan Yu complained, "If you heeded my advice during the hunting expedition in Xu, we wouldn't end up in this troubling situation." Liu Bei replied, "I didn't do so then for the sake of the Empire. If Heaven still helps those who are righteous, it might be possible that this may turn out to be a blessing in disguise!"[Sanguozhi zhu 14]
Pei Songzhi commented on the Shu Ji account as follows:
When Liu Bei, Dong Cheng and others plotted against Cao Cao, their plan failed because it was leaked out. If he did not want to kill Cao Cao for the sake of the Empire, what did he mean when he said this? If Guan Yu did urge Liu Bei to kill Cao Cao during the hunting expedition and Liu Bei did not do so, it was probably because Cao Cao's close aides and relatives were present at the scene and they outnumbered him. Besides, there was a lack of careful planning so Liu Bei had to wait for another opportunity. Even if Liu Bei succeeded in killing Cao Cao, he would not have been able to escape alive, so Liu Bei did not heed Guan Yu's words. There was nothing to regret. The hunting expedition event happened in the past, so it was used to justify that Guan Yu had given Liu Bei "valued advice", which the latter ignored.[Sanguozhi zhu 15]
Battle of Red Cliffs and aftermath
Liu Biao died in 208 and was succeeded by his younger son, Liu Cong, who surrendered Jing Province to Cao Cao when the latter started a campaign that year with the aim of wiping out opposing forces in southern China. Liu Bei evacuated Xinye together with his followers and they headed towards Xiakou, which was guarded by Liu Biao's elder son Liu Qi and independent of Cao Cao's control. Along the journey, Liu Bei divided his party into two groups – one led by Guan Yu which would sail along the river towards Jiangling; another led by Liu Bei which would travel on land. Cao Cao sent 5,000 elite cavalry to pursue Liu Bei's group and they caught up with them at Changban, where the Battle of Changban broke out. Liu Bei and his remaining followers managed to escape from Cao Cao's forces and reach Han Ford (漢津), where Guan Yu's group picked them up and they sailed to Xiakou together.[Sanguozhi others 8][Sanguozhi 12]
In 208, Liu Bei allied with Sun Quan and they defeated Cao Cao at the decisive Battle of Red Cliffs. Cao Cao retreated north after his defeat and left Cao Ren behind to defend Jing Province.[Sanguozhi 13] During the Battle of Jiangling, Guan Yu was stationed at the northern routes to block Cao Ren's supply lines via infiltration. Li Tong engaged Guan Yu, attempting to support Cao Ren's forces, but died from illness during the campaign.[Sanguozhi others 9] Xu Huang and Man Chong also engaged with Guan Yu in Hanjin(漢津) in order support Cao Ren against Zhou Yu.[Sanguozhi others 10] Finally, Yue Jin, stationed in Xiangyang, defeated Guan Yu and Su Fei (蘇非) and drove them away.[Sanguozhi others 11] After seizing and pacifying the various commanderies in southern Jing Province, Liu Bei appointed Guan Yu as the Administrator (太守) of Xiangyang and General Who Defeats Bandits (盪寇將軍), and ordered him to station at the north of the Yangtze River.[Sanguozhi 13]
Chinese general (died 220)
"Guanyu" redirects here. For the racing driver, see
Guan Yu ([kwán ỳ] ⓘ; d. January or February 220[a]), courtesy name Yunchang, was a Chinese military general serving under the warlord Liu Bei during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. Along with Zhang Fei, he shared a brotherly relationship with Liu Bei and accompanied him on most of his early exploits. Guan Yu played a significant role in the events leading up to the end of the Han dynasty and the establishment of Liu Bei's state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period. While he is remembered for his loyalty towards Liu Bei, he is also known for repaying Cao Cao's kindness by slaying Yan Liang, a general under Cao Cao's rival Yuan Shao, at the Battle of Boma. After Liu Bei gained control of Yi Province in 214, Guan Yu remained in Jing Province to govern and defend the area for about seven years. In 219, while he was away fighting Cao Cao's forces at the Battle of Fancheng, Liu Bei's ally Sun Quan broke the Sun–Liu alliance and sent his general Lü Meng to conquer Liu Bei's territories in Jing Province. By the time Guan Yu learned about the loss of Jing Province after his defeat at Fancheng, it was too late. He was subsequently captured in an ambush by Sun Quan's forces and executed at Linju, Xiangyang Commandery (臨沮, present-day Nanzhang County, Xiangyang City, Hubei).
Guan Yu's life was lionised and his achievements were glorified to such an extent after his death that he was deified during the Sui dynasty. Through generations of storytelling, culminating in the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, his deeds and moral qualities have been emphasized immensely, making Guan Yu one of East Asia's most popular paradigms of loyalty and righteousness. He is remembered as a culture hero in Chinese culture and is still worshipped by many people of Chinese descent in China, Taiwan, and other countries today. In religious devotion, he is reverentially called the "Emperor Guan" (Guān Dì) or "Lord Guan" (Guān Gōng). He is a deity worshipped in Chinese folk religion, popular Confucianism, Taoism, and Chinese Buddhism, and small shrines to him are almost ubiquitous in traditional Chinese shops and restaurants.
The authoritative historical source on Guan Yu's life is the Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi) written by Chen Shou in the third century. During the fifth century, Pei Songzhi annotated the Sanguozhi by incorporating information from other sources to Chen Shou's original work and adding his personal comments. Some alternative texts used in the annotations to Guan Yu's biography include: Shu Ji (Records of Shu), by Wang Yin; Wei Shu (Book of Wei), by Wang Chen, Xun Yi and Ruan Ji; Jiang Biao Zhuan, by Yu Pu; Fu Zi, by Fu Xuan; Dianlue, by Yu Huan; Wu Li (History of Wu), by Hu Chong; and Chronicles of Huayang, by Chang Qu.
No explicit descriptions of Guan Yu's physical appearance exist in historical records. However, the Sanguozhi recorded that Zhuge Liang once referred to Guan Yu as having a "peerless beard".[b]
Traditionally, Guan Yu is portrayed as a red-faced warrior with a long, lush beard. The idea of his red face may have been derived from a description of him in Chapter 1 of the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, where the following passage appears:[3]
"Xuande took a look at the man, who stood at a height of nine chi,[c] and had a two chi[d] long beard; his face was of the colour of a dark zao,[e] with lips that were red and plump; his eyes were like those of a crimson phoenix,[f] and his eyebrows resembled reclining silkworms.[g] He had a dignified air and looked quite majestic."
Alternatively, the idea of his red face could have been borrowed from opera representation, where red faces represented loyalty and righteousness.[citation needed] In illustrations of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Guan Yu is traditionally depicted wearing a green robe over his body armour.
In Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Guan Yu's weapon was a guandao named Green Dragon Crescent Blade, which resembled a glaive and was said to weigh 82 catties (about 49 kg or 108 lbs).[7]
Citations from the Sanguozhi zhu
Links to related articles
Kwan Kong juga dikenal dengan nama mulia Kwan Seng Tee Kun adalah satu diantara dua dewa peperangan (Bu Seng) selain Yo Fei (Gak Hui 1103-1141 M). Kwan Kong atau Kwan Te (?-219 M) adalah sosok pribadi yang sangat dihormati di Tiongkok. Dikalangan Buddhis beliau dikenal sebagai Kwan Tee Pousat atau Ka Lam Pousat, sedangkan di kalangan Konfusianisme diakui sebagai salah satu Sin Beng yang dihormati.
Kwan Kong adalah seorang pahlawan yang hidupnya bersih, rendah hati, menjunjung tinggi persahabatan, patriot sejati, berpegang teguh terhadap dasar-dasar pribadi luhur. Golongan Taois mencantumkan beliau sebagai salah satu Sin Beng dalam buku Tao Chiao Chu Shen.
Perilaku atau sikap hidup Kwan Kong dalam kisah roman Tiga Negara (Sam Kok) 220-280 M adalah:
Teguh dalam tata Susila (Lee)
Setelah terkepung dalam peperangan dengan tantara Cho Cho, Kwan Kong bersedia menyerah dengan tiga syarat, yaitu; 1) Kwan Kong menyerah kepada Dinasti Han dan bukan kepada Cho Cho; 2) Memberikan perawatan dan kesejahteraan yang memadai bagi kedua istri Lauw Pi yang menjadi tanggung jawabnya; dan 3) Begitu Kwan Kong mengetahui di mana Lauw Pi (kakak angkatnya) berada, Kwan Kong direstui untuk menyusul. Ketiga syarat tersebut dipenuhi oleh Cho Cho. Namun untuk Kwan Kong dan kedua kakak iparnya hanya disediakan satu kamar dengan maksud untuk mengaburkan tata Susila antara ketiganya. Meski dengan kondisi demikian, Kwan Kong mempersilahkan kakak iparnya tidur di dalam kamar, sedangkan beliau sendiri berdiri di muka pintu. Sebelah tangan memegang golok ceng-liong yang-goat to dan tangan lainya memegang kitab Cun Ciu yang dibacanya semalam suntuk.
Kesetiaan terhadap saudara angkat – nya, Lau Pi (Tiong dan Sin)
Ketika menerima jubah sutera yang indah dari Cho Cho, Kwan Kong memakainya di sebelah dalam sementara baju luarnya tetap yang berasal pemberian Lauw Pi, sebagai tanda tidak melupakan sumpah sebagai saudara. Begitu Kwan Kong mendengar Lauw Pi ada bersama Wan Siao, beliau langsung memboyong kedua kakak iparnya dan menyusul ke tempat Wen Sao segera tanpa meminta restu dari Cho Cho. Dalam perjalanan melalui berbagai macam ancaman bahaya di lima kota (kisah ini adalah Kwan Kong Kwe Ngo Kwan) yang terkenal dalam Sam Kok.
Berperikemanusiaan yang mendalam dan berbudi luhur (Jin-Gi)
Dalam peperangan besar di sungai Tiang Kang (Chang Tsiang) sebagai kisah pertempuran besar di Cek-pek, tentara Cho Cho yang berjumlah 830.000 orang; 7.000 kapal besar dan kecil yang sudah digandengkan dalam rangkaian 30 kapal tiap kelompoknya serta perbentengan sepanjang kira-kira 300 li lebih, dibakar dan dihancurkan oleh pasukan Tong Gouw atas keunggulan dan taktik perang Ciu Ji dan Cu Kat Liang (Kong Beng) yang terkenal. Tentara dan para panglima termasuk Cho Cho sendiri digempur, dikepung, dikejar, disergap dan dimusnahkan. Akhirnya Cho Cho dengan pengikutnya yang berjumlah ratusan orang dalam keadaan terluka, letih, lapar, kedinginan, dengan semangat yang hancur lebur serta dalam keputusasaan mereka lari melalui celah pegunungan yang sempit yaitu celah Koay Yong To. Ternyata disana telah siap dengan pasukan yang masih segar dan gagah, Kwan Kong sambil melintangkan golok Naga Hijau berbentuk bulan sabit yang besar. Beliau tampak angker dan gagah perkasa. Tentara Cho Cho yang camping-camping begitu ketakutan.
Dalam keadaan terpaksa Cho Cho memohon diberi jalan hidup dengan mengungkapkan penghargaan, budi kebaikan yang pernah ia berikan ketika Kwan Kong tinggal di Kota Raja Dinasti Han serta hubungan yang sangat akrab antara keduanya. Kwan Kong sebagai sosok manusia yang sangat menjunjung tinggi budi orang, sangat tersentuh sanubarinya, dan hatinya luluh mendengar perkataan Cho Cho.
Kisah selanjutnya Kwan Kong membiarkan Cho Cho bersama tentara yang sudah tidak keruan keadaannya lewat tanpa gangguan. Sesaat kemudian Kwan Kong membentak tentara yang melaluinya, serentak tentara Cho Cho turun dari kuda serta berlutut sambal menangis; Kwan Kong segera memalingkan muka dengan penuh haru dan kembali ke markas pasukan besar dengan loyo. Perasaan belaskasihannya bergejolak, namun dengan tindakan yang dilakukannya itu, Kwan Kong sebenarnya menghadapi hukuman penggalan kepala. Persoalan yang dihadapinya bersumber kepada surat perjanjian yang dibuat bersama dengan Kong Beng. Isi perjanjian tersebut adalah tentang Cho Cho dan tentara yang kalah perang.
Apabila Cho Cho dan tentaranya tidak lewat celah Hoay Yong To, Kong Beng siap untuk dipenggal kepalanya; sebaliknya jika Cho Cho dan tentaranya lewat disana dan Kwan Kong tidak berhasil menangkapnya, Kwan Kong harus menyerahkan kepalanya untuk dipenggal.
Begitu agung rasa pengorbanan karena rasa kasihannya yang sangat besar.
Di medan perang Kwan Kong senantiasa berlandaskan ajaran Ti Jian Yong (kearifan kasih saying dan teguh) yang terkandung dalam kitab Tiong Yong.
Itulah sekelumit kisah sosok pribadi agung, Kwan Kong atau Kwan In Tiang.
Sumber : kisah para suci, penerbit Bhakti. 2011.
Patung Guan Yu di Jingzhou
Kisah Sumpah Setia di Kebun Buah Persik
Guan Yu dalam pengembaraannya berjumpa dengan Liu Bei dan Zhang Fei di sebuah kedai arak. Dalam pembicaraan, mereka ternyata cocok dan satu hati, sehingga memutuskan mengangkat saudara. Upacara pengangkatan saudara ini dilaksanakan di rumah Zhang Fei dalam sebuah kebun buah Tao atau kebun persik. Liu Bei menjadi saudara tertua, Guan Yu yang kedua dan Zhang Fei yang ketiga.
Bersama-sama mereka bersumpah sehidup semati dan berjuang untuk membela negara. Peristiwa ini terkenal dengan nama “Tao Yuan Jie Yi” atau “Sumpah Persaudaraan Di Kebun Persik”, yang sangat dikagumi oleh orang dari zaman ke zaman dan dianggap sebagai lambang persaudaraan sejati. Lukisan tiga bersaudara yang sedang melaksanakan upacara sumpah angkat saudara ini banyak menjadi objek lukisan, pahatan, dan patung keramik yang sangat disukai orang hingga sekarang ini.
Kisah Guan Yu Terluka Oleh Panah Beracun
Pada saat Guan Yu berperang melawan pasukan Negara Wei, Guan Yu terluka oleh panah beracun. Tabib Hua Tuo melakukan bedah lengan Guan Yu tanpa anastesi dan menyembuhkan luka beracun tersebut dengan cara mengikis tulang. Hua Tuo menggunakan pisau untuk mengikis racun yang sudah merasuk ke tulang, hingga mengeluarkan bunyi. Tanpa dibius, Guan Yu tetap santai makan dan minum sambil bermain catur dengan muka senyum, sama sekali tidak tersirat wajah menahan sakit. Tabib sakti Hua Tuo memuji Beliau dengan berkata “Jenderal benar-benar seorang Dewa yang datang dari langit.”
Kekalahan Guan Yu dimulai dari situasi yang tidak menguntungkan di pihaknya. Cao Cao mulai mengajak Sun Quan untuk beraliansi secara diam-diam. Sun Quan yang sejak lama menginginkan kota Jingzhou (yang dikuasai Guan Yu pada waktu itu) agar kembali kedalam wilayah kekuasaannya, setuju dengan Cao Cao dan mengerakan pasukan merebut Jingzhou. Guan Yu akhirnya berhasil dijebak dan ditawan, kemudian dihukum mati karena menolak untuk memihak pada Sun Quan. Karena takut akan pembalasan Liu Bei, kepala Guan Yu dikirimkan ke tempat Cao Cao.
Pada waktu itu, Guan Yu ditangkap bersama Guan Ping, anak tertuanya, dibawa ke tengah perkemahan Sun Quan. Guan Yu hanya tertawa saja ketika dibawa untuk dihukum mati. Algojo yang akan memanggalnya menjadi ketakutan ketika menatap Guan Yu dan dia tidak berani untuk melaksanakan eksekusi itu, tidak ada prajurit biasa yang berani. Akhirnya Jenderal Pan Zhang dengan menggunakan Golok Naga Hijau memenggal kepala Guan Yu.
Cao Cao yang sejak lama kagum kepada Guan Yu memakamkan kepalanya setelah disambung dengan tubuh dari kayu cendana secara agung. Kuburan Guan Yu terletak di propinsi Henan kira-kira 7 km sebelah utara kota Louyang. Pemandangan di situ sangat indah, sedangkan bangunan kuburannya sangat megah seakan-akan sebuah bukit kecil dari kejauhan. Sekeliling bangunan itu ditanami pohon Bai (Cypress) yang selalu hijau, melambangkan semangat Guan Yu yang tidak pernah padam dan abadi dari jaman ke jaman. Pohon-pohon itu kini sudah menghutan dan ratusan tahun umurnya, sebab itu tempat tersebut dinamakan Guan Lin. Batu nisannya adalah hadiah dari kaisar Dinasti Qing, dimana makam itu telah dipugar kembali.
Berdekatan dengan Guan Lin, terdapat sebuat kelenteng peringatan untuk mengenang Guan Yu, yang dibangun pada jaman Dinasti Ming. Kelenteng itu merupakan hasil seni bangunan dan seni ukir yang bermutu tinggi, sehingga merupakan objek wisata yang selalu dikunjungi para wisatawan dari dalam negeri dan luar negeri. Kelenteng peringatan Guan Yu terdapat di Jiezhou, propinsi Shanxi. Jiezhou, yang pada jaman San Guo disebut Hedong, adalah kampung halaman Guan Yu. Kelenteng itu memiliki keindahan bangunan dan arsitektur yang sangat mengagumkan dan merupakan salah satu objek wisata terkemuka di Shanxi.
Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.
Guan Yu (meninggal dunia pada tahun 219),[1] dengan gaya namanya iaitu Yunchang, merupakan seorang jeneral yang berkhidmat di bawah laksamana Liu Bei pada lewat Dinasti Han Timur di China.
Jika anda melihat rencana yang menggunakan templat {{tunas}} ini, gantikanlah dengan templat tunas yang lebih spesifik.
Last Updated on 24 September 2021 by Herman Tan Manado
Guan Gong (Hanzi : 关公, Hokkian : Kwan Kong) adalah seorang Jenderal perang kenamaan yang hidup pada jaman 3 Kerajaan Sam Kok (三國; San Guo), pada rentang tahun 160 – 220 M.
Nama aslinya adalah Guan Yu (关羽), atau Guan Yun Chang (关云长). “Guan” adalah marganya, dan “Gong” berarti tuan, atau gelar kehormatan. Oleh karena itu, Guan Gong berarti “Dewa Guan”.
Beliau juga disebut Guan Sheng Di Jun (關聖帝君), dan oleh Kaisar Han, Beliau diberi gelar Han Shou Ting Hou (漢夀亭侯) yang berarti “Marquis dari Han Shou”.
Beliau dipuja karena kesetiaan dan kejujuran, sebagai lambang/teladan sifat2 ksatria sejati yang selalu menempati janji dan setia pada sumpahnya. Oleh sebab itu, Guan Gong merupakan Dewa yang paling banyak dipuja di kalangan masyarakat. disamping kelenteng2 yang secara khusus memuja-Nya. Lukisan Nya banyak terpasang di rumah pribadi, toko, bank, kantor polisi, pengadilan, sampai di markas organisasi mafia! Dimana para anggota perkumpulan rahasia itu biasanya berkumpul dan melakukan sumpah setia satu sama lain.
Karena itu, Beliau adalah satu2 nya Dewa yang dipuja, baik oleh orang2 golongan hitam maupun orang2 golongan putih.
Di samping dipuja sebagai lambang kesetiaan dan kejujuran, Guan Yu juga dipuja sebagai Dewa Pelindung Perdagangan, Dewa Pelindung Kesusastraan, dan Dewa Pelindung rakyat dari malapetaka peperangan yang mengerikan.
Julukan “Dewa Perang” sebagai umumnya dikenal dan dialamatkan kepada Guan Yu, harus diartikan sebagai Dewa yang bertugas untuk menghindarkan peperangan dan segala akibatnya yang menyengsarakan rakyat, sesuai dengan watak-Nya yang budiman. Guan Yu adalah penduduk asli kabupaten Hedong (sekarang kota Yuncheng), Propinsi Shanxi, Tiongkok.
Kebajikan Guan Gong melambangkan Kehormatan, Loyalitas, Integritas, Keadilan, Keberanian, dan Kekuatan, adalah cita2 yang benar2 dapat mempengaruhi kita. Di Negara2 barat, Dewa Guan Gong dikenal “Tao God of War”. Sebutan ini berasal dari fakta bahwa Dewa Guan Gong adalah jenderal militer yang paling terkenal di sepanjang sejarah Tiongkok.
Encounter with Xu Huang
Cao Cao later sent Xu Huang to lead another army to reinforce Cao Ren at Fancheng. Xu Huang broke through Guan Yu's encirclement and routed Guan Yu's forces on the battlefield, thus lifting the siege on Fancheng.[Sanguozhi others 15] Guan Yu withdrew his forces after seeing that he could not capture Fancheng.[Sanguozhi 17] The Shu Ji recorded an incident about Xu Huang encountering Guan Yu on the battlefield. Xu Huang was previously a close friend of Guan Yu. They often chatted about other things apart from military affairs. When they met again at Fancheng, Xu Huang gave an order to his men: "Whoever takes Guan Yu's head will be rewarded with 1,000 jin of gold." A shocked Guan Yu asked Xu Huang, "Brother, what are you talking about?" Xu Huang replied, "This is an affair of the state."[Sanguozhi zhu 6]
Although Guan Yu defeated and captured Yu Jin at Fancheng, his army found itself lacking food supplies, so he seized grain from one of Sun Quan's granaries at Xiang Pass (湘關). By then, Sun Quan had secretly agreed to an alliance with Cao Cao and sent Lü Meng and others to invade Jing Province while he followed behind with reinforcements. At Xunyang (尋陽), Lü Meng ordered his troops to hide in vessels disguised as civilian and merchant ships and sail towards Jing Province. Along the way, Lü Meng infiltrated and disabled the watchtowers set up by Guan Yu along the river, so Guan Yu was totally unaware of the invasion.[Sanguozhi others 16]
When Guan Yu embarked on the Fancheng campaign, he left Mi Fang and Shi Ren behind to defend his key bases in Jing Province – Nan Commandery and Gong'an. Guan Yu had constantly treated them with contempt. During the campaign, after Mi Fang and Shi Ren sent insufficient supplies to Guan Yu's army at the frontline, an annoyed Guan Yu said, "I will deal with them when I return." Mi Fang and Shi Ren felt uneasy about this. When Sun Quan invaded Jing Province, Lü Meng showed understanding towards Mi Fang and successfully induced him into surrendering while Yu Fan also persuaded Shi Ren to give up resistance. With the exceptions of the northwest, Liu Bei's territories in Jing Province fell under Sun Quan's control after the surrenders of Mi Fang and Shi Ren.[Sanguozhi 18]
B. Kisah Sumpah Setia 3 Bersaudara di Kebun Buah Persik
Dalam babak pertama dalam novel, diceritakan bagaimana Guan Yu dalam pengembaraannya berjumpa dengan Liu Bei (刘备) dan Zhang Fei (张飞) disebuah kedai arak. Dalam pembicaraan mereka ternyata cocok dan sehati, sehingga memutuskan untuk mengangkat saudara satu sama lain.
Upacara pengangkatan saudara ini, dilaksanakan di rumah Zhang Fei, dalam sebuah kebun buah Tao atau kebun persik. Liu Bei pun menjadi saudara tertua, Guan Yu yang kedua, dan Zhang Fei yang ketiga.
Bersama2 mereka bersumpah sehidup semati dan berjuang untuk membela Negara. Peristiwa ini terkenal dengan nama Tao Yuan Jie Yi (桃园结义), atau ‘Sumpah Persaudaraan Di kebun Persik‘; yang sangat dikagumi oleh orang dari jaman ke jaman, dan dianggap sebagai contoh/lambang persaudaraan sejati!
Lukisan 3 bersaudara yang sedang melaksanakan upacara sumpah angkat saudara ini banyak menjadi objek lukisan, pahatan, dan patung keramik yang sangat disukai orang2 hingga sekarang ini.
Ada banyak cerita tentang Guan Yu yang senantiasa asyik dibicarakan orang Tionghoa, salah sautnya seperti kisah Guan Yu yang hanya berbekal sebilah golok, tanpa bala pasukan, datang memenuhi undangan pesta musuh, karena Negara Shu tidak mau mengembalikan Kota Jingzhou.
Negara Dong Wu (Sun) menyiasati dengan menggelar pesta untuk mengundangnya, lalu berencana menghabisi Guan Yu disana. Guan Yu datang menghadiri pesta itu dengan sebuah perahu kecil beserta puluhan pengikutnya.
Ketika tiba, Ia memandang para menteri dan jenderal Negeri Dong Wu bagai anak kecil, dan dengan kharisma luar biasa, Ia berhasil kembali ke markas dengan selamat.
Baca juga : Lima Jenderal Harimau (Five Tiger Generals)
